Shape constancy

Shape constancy: even though our view of an object changes, and it's retinal image changes, we still perceive it as the same object 

Example: the clock appears to be an oval shape but we still perceive it as a circle clock 

Size Constancy

Size constancy: even though our distance to an object varies, we still perceive the object as a normal sized object (we know that it's not miniature or giant) 

Example: the chair appears to be far away, therefore we perceive it as a regular sized chair 

Monocular Cue

Monocular: a depth cue that uses only one eye

Examples: the parallel lines appear to converge at the end because we perceive them as far away 

The two chairs appear to be different sizes but our brains know that they are both normal sized chairs, so we perceive the smaller one as farther away 

Binocular Cue

Binocular: a depth cue that requires both eyes

Example: the image on the left is what would be seen with the left eye, the image on the right is what would be seen with the right eye, together, our brains can use the difference between the images to determine how far away an object is 

Proximity

Proximity: states that our brain views objects as groups based on their proximity to each other

Example: the three black keys are closer together so we perceive them as one group and the group of 2 black keys as another group

Continuity

Continuity: states that the whole is greater than it's parts...the brain finds ways to connect a variety objects into lines or groups or patterns

Example: Our brains perceive the twenty diamond cut outs as one line 

Brightness constancy

brightness constancy - the tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination.

Example: The one on the left should appear brighter.  In fact, this is a visual illusion; the two central gray squares are physically identical, one surrounded by white and the other surrounded by black.